Revisions Log

A log of revisions to articles and news stories.

Sep 25 2025 - Retraction: Apple cider vinegar for weight management in Lebanese adolescents and young adults with overweight and obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. This article has been retracted by the journal, with the authors' agreement. Post-publication review identified major concerns, including non-replicable analyses, data inconsistencies, errors in reporting, and lack of prospective trial registration. The authors acknowledge these issues and accept the decision to retract the article. https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/7/1/61

Apple cider vinegar shows promise for weight management in overweight and obese individuals

Sep 15 2025 - A new section on Bone Health and the Gut–Bone Axis is included in the September 2025 update, which highlights new research suggesting tart cherries may improve bone formation by modifying the gut microbiota and increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids. Updates to the nutritional profile and anti-inflammatory mechanisms were also influenced by a recently published preclinical study (Adedigba et al., Nutrients, 2025), which is now cited as reference [11].

Tart Cherry Benefits: Fact or Fiction for Wellness and Recovery?

Sep 2 2025 - New research by Tufail et al. (2025) has been added to the article. The UN's "Tree of the 21st Century," neem's cultural recognition as "Sarvaroga nivarini," a "village pharmacy," and its expanded therapeutic properties (antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, hepatoprotective, and gastroprotective) are among the additions. Along with an expanded list of phytochemicals (salannin, nimbolinin, nimbidol, gedunin, sodium nimbinate, limonoids), the botanical profile now includes information on neem's lifespan (150–200 years), flowering cycles, and fruit yield. The antibacterial properties of bark and twigs were demonstrated in the oral health section, and specific lipid-modulating and antihyperglycemic effects are now noted in the metabolic and chronic disease management section. The section on cancer focuses on the anticancer mechanisms of limonoids. Recent extraction techniques pertinent to clinical applications, such as water/solvent extraction, cold pressing, steam distillation, CO₂ extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, are highlighted in the conclusion. As a result, reference #12 (Tufail et al., 2025) was included.

Neem - Evidence-Based Health Benefits

Aug 13 2025 - Name change from "10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid" to "10-hydroxystearic acid". "10-hydroxystearic acid" refers to a saturated fatty acid with a hydroxyl group at the tenth carbon, while "10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid" is an unsaturated fatty acid with a hydroxyl group at the tenth carbon and a double bond at the twelfth carbon. The latter is a specific intermediate in linoleic acid metabolism, while the former is a broader term for a saturated hydroxy fatty acid.

Natural gut molecule reverses liver damage and repairs gut lining

Aug 12 2025 - Expanded neurobiological detail with precise neuron counts for the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, while clarifying that these counts are species- and method-dependent, and refining the anatomical terminology to replace “central tegmental areas” with “ventral tegmental area.” Clarified distinctions between phasic and tonic dopamine release patterns, emphasizing their different temporal and functional impacts on neural signaling. Provided a more explicit biochemical pathway description outlining tyrosine → L-DOPA → dopamine conversion, naming the key enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase and noting the rate-limiting step. Delivered comprehensive mapping of the mesolimbic, mesocortical, nigrostriatal, and tuberoinfundibular pathways, including their anatomical origins, projection targets, and distinct cognitive, emotional, motor, and neuroendocrine roles, with new mention of the nigrostriatal pathway’s role in auditory discrimination. Revised receptor classification to correct grouping errors, ensuring D1-like receptors include D1 and D5, while D2-like receptors include D2, D3, and D4, along with descriptions of their G-protein coupling and differences in dopamine affinity. Broadened physiological and pathological coverage to address roles in cognition, emotion, movement, endocrine regulation, peripheral vascular function, and inflammatory modulation, adding detail on tissue-specific receptor effects and plasma dopamine’s largely sulfoconjugated, local signaling nature. Integrated additional neurological and psychiatric conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, treatment-resistant schizophrenia, restless legs syndrome, Huntington’s disease, anhedonia, and stress-related mood disorders, with clarifications on pathophysiological mechanisms and areas of scientific debate. Strengthened the peripheral dopamine section with details on synthesis in gastrointestinal and abdominal organs, receptor-mediated effects on inflammation, and dependence on dopamine concentration and receptor subtype. Incorporated the latest peer-reviewed research from 2022–2025, with direct citation markers and line references for verification, ensuring accuracy and traceability of every major statement.

What is Dopamine?

Aug 6 2025 - A thorough update was made to this article to improve its clarity, clinical depth, and scientific accuracy. Expanded sections on the global epidemiology and recent outbreaks, molecular virology, chronic and pediatric complications, diagnostic advancements, and the most recent advancements in vaccines and vector control were among the new material sourced from nine recent peer-reviewed scientific sources. The sections on prevention, burden, and economic impact were greatly enhanced.

What is Chikungunya?

Jul 31 2025 - Fixed DOI link Kasatkina Ludmila, Fedorchenko Vladyslav, Sidorova Iryna, Gomenyuk Lidia, Yakovets Oleksandra, Brandl Michael, Ivanchuk Iryna, Dudareva Sandra, Nesterova Olena. National representative seroprevalence of viral hepatitis B, C, and D seromarkers in Ukraine, 2021. Euro Surveill. 2025;30(29):pii=2500015. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.29.2500015, https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.29.2500015

New study reveals high lifetime exposure to hepatitis B and C in Ukraine

Jul 23 2025 - This article was revised in response to user comments about the strength of the evidence supporting the benefits of probiotics for depression and insomnia (see below). Reductions in depressive symptoms are based on very low-certainty evidence and possible publication bias, whereas improvements in sleep quality are subjective and supported by moderate-certainty evidence, as the updated version makes clear. It also makes a distinction between statistical significance and the certainty of evidence. In addition, it emphasizes that objective sleep outcomes (total sleep time, sleep efficiency, or sleep latency) did not show any significant effects. It clarifies that these conflicting results are not contradictory but rather reflect the complexity of the evidence base and advises readers to interpret the results with caution in light of the included studies' limitations.

Can probiotics help you sleep better?

Jul 4 2025 - In response to a site user’s comment, this article was revised to correct a factual inaccuracy in the disadvantages section, replacing the statement that the contraceptive patch could be felt “inside the vagina” with the accurate clarification that the patch may sometimes be felt on the skin during close contact but should never be inserted into the vagina. Additionally, based on the user’s feedback, a duplicate mention of “breast tenderness” in the minor side effects section was removed for clarity.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Contraceptive Patch

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